What does RS mean in construction?

construction estimation database

What is daily output in RS means?

The “Daily Output” represents the typical number of units. the designated crew will install in a normal 8-hour day. To. find out the number of days the given crew would require to. complete the installation, divide your quantity by the daily.

What does O and P mean?

charge for Overhead and Profit

What is bare labor cost?

The cost per labor hour is based on labor and equipment cost, divided by total labor hours. In our example, total daily labor bare cost of crew C14A is: … This is a hypothetical number that represents the average equipment cost per labor hour if the equipment costs are spread evenly among all workers.

What does CSF refer to in Rsmeans book?

One thousand Board Feet. What does the Mean’s book unit of measure abbreviation C.S.F. stand for? One hundred Square Feet.

What unit is VLF?

Very low frequency or VLF is the ITU designation for radio frequencies (RF) in the range of 3–30 kHz, corresponding to wavelengths from 100 to 10 km, respectively.

What unit is CSF?

What does the Means book unit of measure abbreviation CSF stand for a Cubic.

What is VLF in construction?

VLF in Construction. 2. VLF. Very Low Frequency. Technology, Computing, Navigation.

What does CSF stand for in technology?

Critical success factor

What does the abbreviation CSF stand for?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Where is CSF produced?

lateral ventricles

What increases CSF production?

The increased CSF production is the result of an increased activity of Na+-K+ ATPase at the choroid plexus level, which establishes a sodium gradient across the choroid epithelial cells, as well as of an elevated CBF (66).

What Colour is brain fluid?

Colour of the fluid — normal is clear and colourless. Changes in the colour of the CSF are not diagnostic but may point to additional substances in the fluid. Yellow, orange, or pink CSF is said to be xanthochromic. It may indicate the breakdown of blood cells due to bleeding into the CSF or the presence of bilirubin.

How much CSF is produced per hour?

In normal adults, the CSF volume is 125 to 150 mL; approximately 20 percent of the CSF is contained in the ventricles; the rest is contained in the subarachnoid space in the cranium and spinal cord. The normal rate of CSF production is approximately 20 mL per hour.

How much CSF do you make per day?

CSF secretion in adults varies between 400 to 600 ml per day, depending on the subject and the method used to study CSF secretion. Sixty to seventy-five percent of CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles and the tela choroidea of the third and fourth ventricles.

What is brain fluid made of?

Abstract. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colourless ultrafiltrate of plasma with low protein content and few cells. The CSF is mainly produced by the choroid plexus, but also by the ependymal lining cells of the brain’s ventricular system.

How many times a day is CSF replaced?

The CSF is continually produced, and all of it is replaced every six to eight hours. The fluid is eventually absorbed into the veins; it leaves the cerebrospinal spaces in a variety of locations, including spaces around the spinal roots and the cranial nerves.

How does the body get rid of CSF?

CSF is absorbed across the arachnoid villi into the venous circulation and a significant amount probably also drains through the cribriform plate and spinal canal into cervical and spinal lymph nodes. The arachnoid villi act as one-way valves between the subarachnoid space and the dural sinuses.

Is CSF found in the epidural space?

The epidural space is the area between the dura mater (a membrane) and the vertebral wall, containing fat and small blood vessels. The space is located just outside the dural sac which surrounds the nerve roots and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

What are the symptoms of CSF leak?

The most common symptoms of a spinal CSF leak are:

• Positional headaches, which feel worse when sitting upright and better when lying down; caused by intracranial hypotension.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Neck pain or stiffness.
• Change in hearing (muffled, ringing in the ears)
• Sense of imbalance.
• Photophobia (sensitivity to light)

Can you have a CSF leak for years?

Spinal fluid leaks also can lead to serious complications, including seizures. Patients may have a CSF leak for years or decades before it is diagnosed.

How do I know if I have runny nose or CSF?

In addition to these symptoms, other symptoms unique to cranial CSF leaks include: Clear, watery drainage usually from only one side of the nose or one ear when tilting the head forward. Salty or metallic taste in mouth. Drainage down back of throat.

When should you suspect a CSF leak?

The most common and classic symptom suggestive of a spinal CSF leak is a positional headache: a headache that is worse when upright and improved when positioned horizontally. It is not unusual for the headache to become less positional over time, or for the positional aspect to resolve entirely.

How long can a CSF leak go undetected?

Ninety-four per cent of patients with spontaneous CSF leak were initially misdiagnosed, with an average time to diagnosis of 13 months, according to one study into the condition published in 2003. If a leak is suspected, referral to a specialist with expertise in this area is recommended.

What happens if CSF leak is not treated?

Untreated CSF leaks can lead to life-threatening meningitis, brain infections, or stroke.